Jigsaw Puzzles — one of the most recognizable and beloved puzzles in the world. In this game, you need to assemble a complete image from many separate fragments, and behind the apparent simplicity lies an amazingly rich history. Jigsaw Puzzles stand out among other logic and board games because they successfully combine entertainment with educational value and creative engagement. Over the centuries, they have held a special place in culture: from children’s rooms to royal palaces, Jigsaw Puzzles have served as a tool for learning, leisure, and even as a distinctive form of art. Their history deserves attention, for behind the familiar cardboard mosaic lies a centuries-long journey linked to inventors’ names, technological progress, and waves of popularity in different countries.
Originally, Jigsaw Puzzles were created as an educational aid, but over time they became a widespread pastime for people of all ages. They evolved from expensive handcrafted wooden pieces to cardboard sets affordable for everyone, acquired diverse variations — from three-dimensional 3D constructions to online versions — and won the hearts of millions. In this article, we will look in detail at when and where the first Jigsaw Puzzles appeared, how this game has changed over the centuries, what unusual facts accompany its history, and why Jigsaw Puzzles still remain a valuable intellectual pastime and cultural phenomenon today.
History of Jigsaw Puzzles
Early years (18th century)
The first known version of a Jigsaw Puzzle appeared in the 18th century in Great Britain. In the 1760s, London engraver and cartographer John Spilsbury created a special aid for teaching children geography: he glued a world map onto a thin wooden board and cut it along the borders of countries. The resulting “dissected maps” were meant to be reassembled, which helped students memorize the locations of states.
The novelty immediately attracted the attention of wealthy audiences. It is known that King George III’s governess, Lady Charlotte Finch, used Spilsbury’s maps to teach geography to the royal children. At first, such puzzles were unique items: each copy was hand-cut from wood, so they were expensive and available only to affluent clients.
19th century: from educational aid to family game
Until the early 19th century, Jigsaw Puzzles remained primarily an educational tool and did not have interlocking elements: suitable parts were simply laid on a base without fixing locks. Over time, interest in this pastime grew, and craftsmen began to create Jigsaw Puzzles with themes that went beyond cartography. In the Victorian era, puzzle themes included not only maps but also rural scenes, biblical stories, portraits of rulers, and depictions of famous battles.
At the end of the 19th century, an important technological shift occurred: alongside traditional wooden Jigsaw Puzzles, cheaper cardboard-based versions began to be produced. Initially, manufacturers were skeptical of cardboard, considering it a low-quality material, and for a long time it was used only in inexpensive series. However, gradual cost reduction and improved printing made cardboard sets accessible to a wider range of buyers.
At the same time, printing developed: methods of color lithographic printing appeared, allowing bright and detailed images to be applied to the surface. All this significantly increased the appeal of Jigsaw Puzzles and contributed to their mass distribution. Meanwhile, wooden sets still retained their “premium” status and remained the main format until the early 20th century, when industrial production technologies began to come to the forefront.
The emergence of the name Jigsaw Puzzle
Interestingly, the familiar name “Jigsaw Puzzle” did not take hold immediately. In the first decades, this game was called “Dissected Puzzle,” which reflected its original idea — a picture cut into parts. Only by the 1880s, with the advent of special saws — fretsaws or scroll saws, which were used to cut shaped elements — did the word “jigsaw” become associated with this game.
In print, the term “Jigsaw Puzzle” was first recorded in the early 20th century: some sources point to 1906, but most serious researchers, including Anne D. Williams, date the first mention to 1908. Thus, the very name of the game directly refers to the tool with which its pieces were made.
The beginning of mass production (early 20th century)
The transition from handcrafted production to industrial manufacturing occurred in the early 20th century. Between 1907 and 1909, the United States saw a real boom of puzzle mania among adults. American companies such as Parker Brothers and Milton Bradley began actively producing wooden puzzles. In 1909, Parker Brothers was the first in the world to establish factory production of wooden Jigsaw Puzzles with interlocking pieces, thanks to which the parts held together firmly and did not fall apart during assembly.
It is noteworthy that a significant part of the manual cutting work was done by women: company management claimed that the skills of operating a foot sewing machine suited the operation of a foot-powered fretsaw, and women’s labor was also cheaper. Jigsaw Puzzles of this period were distinguished by the complex shape of the pieces and were often sold without a picture on the box as a hint, which made the assembly a real challenge for enthusiasts.
The Great Depression and the puzzle boom (1930s)
In the 1930s, Jigsaw Puzzles experienced another surge in popularity, especially against the background of the economic hardships of the Great Depression. In difficult times, they became a salvation for many: inexpensive and long-lasting entertainment that helped distract from everyday problems. It was during this period that cardboard Jigsaw Puzzles — cheap to produce and accessible to everyone — spread widely. They were sold in stores and sometimes even rented out in kiosks and pharmacies so people could exchange assembled pictures for new ones without spending money on purchases every week. At the height of puzzle mania, sales broke records: in the United States alone in 1933, up to 10 million sets were sold weekly, and about 30 million households regularly spent evenings assembling them. The popularity was so high that entire rental and exchange services appeared: completed puzzles were returned to stores and immediately passed on to new customers.
At the same time, manufacturers quickly seized on the demand. One of the symbols of the era became the cheap “newspaper” cardboard Jigsaw Puzzles, which were sold right at newsstands and cost only 25 cents. These were relatively small sets — thin envelopes with dozens of pieces. They were released in series and updated weekly, resembling a newspaper subscription: each new week brought a fresh plot, whether a cityscape, a scene from everyday life, or a popular advertisement. Thanks to their affordable price, such puzzles quickly became mass entertainment and, for the first time, allowed many families to include Jigsaw Puzzles in their daily leisure activities.
At the same time, companies used puzzles in advertising campaigns, releasing small branded sets with images of their products. In Great Britain, the company Victory continued to rely on the traditional material and set up mass production of wooden puzzles, adding for the first time a photograph of the finished image on the box. Before that, the packaging usually did not include a picture: it was believed that assembling without a hint was more interesting, and some enthusiasts even thought that the presence of an image deprived the puzzle of part of its challenge.
Since the 1930s, illustrations on the box became the new norm, making the task easier for a wider audience. At the same time, experiments with the shape of the pieces began: manufacturers started adding so-called whimsy pieces — elements in the form of recognizable figures of animals, objects, or symbols. These “whimsical” pieces were cut at the craftsman’s discretion (hence the name whimsy — “caprice”) and gave puzzles a special charm.
Post-war years: new materials and global popularity
In the post-war years, production of Jigsaw Puzzles finally shifted to cardboard. Wooden sets became an expensive niche product: by the 1950s, rising prices for wood and manual labor made them unprofitable, while improved pressing machines allowed thousands of cardboard pieces to be stamped quickly and cheaply. By the early 1960s, the British company Tower Press had become the world’s largest puzzle manufacturer and later became part of the famous firm Waddingtons. In different countries, their own market leaders emerged: in Germany — Ravensburger, in France — Nathan, in Spain — Educa, and others.
In the USSR, the fate of Jigsaw Puzzles developed in a special way. In pre-revolutionary Russia, table “puzels” (a name borrowed from German) were already known in the 19th century and were considered a parlor game for wealthy townspeople: sets usually did not exceed 100 pieces and served as social entertainment. However, after the establishment of Soviet power, puzzles almost disappeared from sale, likely as goods that did not correspond to the new ideological line. Only at the end of the 20th century, during perestroika and the subsequent reforms, did they reappear on store shelves and quickly caught up, becoming a popular pastime for children and families.
Modern times: competitions, collections, and new formats
Today, Jigsaw Puzzles are not only an engaging hobby but also part of the global cultural environment. Championships in speed assembly are regularly held, and since 2019, the World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships have been organized annually, bringing together teams of enthusiasts from dozens of countries. Enthusiasts set records both in terms of the number of pieces in a single set and in assembly speed.
Thus, in 2011, a Jigsaw Puzzle with the largest number of pieces was produced and assembled in Vietnam: the set included 551 232 pieces, and the final image measuring 14.85×23.20 meters was assembled by 1,600 students of the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (Đại học Kinh tế Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh). The task took 17 hours to complete.
Another record was set in 2018 in Dubai: the largest puzzle in the world by area — over 6,000 m². It depicted the founder and first president of the United Arab Emirates, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان). The puzzle consisted of 12 320 pieces but occupied a gigantic area, which allowed it to be recognized as the largest in terms of the finished canvas size.
In addition to competitions, the community of collectors is actively developing: they gather thousands of sets, exchange rare editions, and glue especially beautiful works together, framing them as paintings. New formats are also appearing: three-dimensional 3D Jigsaw Puzzles made of foam or plastic allow models of buildings and globes to be built; double-sided ones complicate the task with images on both sides of the pieces; and monochrome puzzles — completely white or with repeating patterns — test the patience and attentiveness of the most persistent players. In the digital age, Jigsaw Puzzles have not lost their relevance but instead have acquired new forms: now they can be assembled online on a computer or smartphone, competing with friends around the world.
For more than 250 years, Jigsaw Puzzles have transformed from handcrafted products for the elite into a mass intellectual pastime. Nevertheless, the essence of the game remains the same: a person gains pleasure and benefit by patiently restoring a complete picture from the chaos of pieces.
Interesting facts about Jigsaw Puzzles
- Jigsaw Puzzles as propaganda tools. At the beginning of the 20th century and especially during the world wars, Jigsaw Puzzles were used not only for entertainment but also for spreading political ideas. They were printed with patriotic slogans, images of military equipment, portraits of leaders, and battle scenes. In Great Britain and the USA, such sets were produced on a large scale, given to children in schools, and distributed among the population to form the “right” perception of events. Such Jigsaw Puzzles became not just entertainment but also a tool of education and propaganda.
- Advertising and branded puzzles. In the 1920s–1930s, companies quickly realized the marketing potential of puzzles. Manufacturers of household appliances, clothing, and food ordered limited series of Jigsaw Puzzles with images of their products or logos. These sets were distributed for free or offered as bonuses with purchases. On the one hand, they served an advertising function, and on the other, they became popular souvenirs. Today, preserved advertising Jigsaw Puzzles from that time are considered collectible rarities and are valued on par with artistic editions.
- Miniature and pocket puzzles. In the 1930s–1950s, along with large sets, miniature Jigsaw Puzzles the size of a postcard became widespread. They could be bought in souvenir shops, enclosed in letters, or found in magazines as inserts. These pocket puzzles were assembled in just a few minutes but were popular as affordable entertainment on the road or as gifts for children. Today, many of these mini-sets have been lost, so preserved copies are also valued by collectors.
- The most unusual shapes. Although a traditional Jigsaw Puzzle is associated with a rectangular picture, manufacturers have repeatedly experimented with the shape of the finished image. Already in the mid-20th century, puzzles appeared in the form of a circle, a heart, or an animal silhouette. Some companies released special series with “irregular” edges where the usual corner pieces were missing. Such sets made the assembly more challenging and at the same time more spectacular.
- Jigsaw Puzzles in psychology and medicine. Already in the mid-20th century, doctors and psychologists noticed the therapeutic effect of puzzle assembly. They were used to develop memory and concentration in children, as well as as a method of rehabilitation after injuries. For elderly people, Jigsaw Puzzles served as a way to maintain cognitive functions and prevent memory-related diseases. Modern studies confirm these observations: regular puzzle-solving helps reduce stress, trains the brain, and is even considered one form of dementia prevention.
- The first plastic puzzles. In the mid-20th century, along with cardboard and wood, the first plastic sets began to appear. They were produced in limited series in the USA and Europe, positioned as more durable and “modern” puzzles. Plastic made it possible to create unusual transparent pieces as well as parts of complex shapes impossible with cardboard. Despite the interesting experiment, plastic puzzles did not become widespread: their production cost was higher, and the feel during assembly was less pleasant compared to traditional cardboard.
- Collectors and museums. At the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21st century, several museums appeared dedicated exclusively to puzzles. One of the most famous is the Puzzle Mansion in the Philippines, founded by collector Georgina Gil-Lacuna, whose personal collection included more than 1000 unique sets and entered the Guinness World Records. The emergence of such museums and exhibitions shows that Jigsaw Puzzles are perceived not only as entertainment but also as cultural heritage.
- Ravensburger records. The German company Ravensburger, founded back in the 19th century, became one of the world’s largest puzzle manufacturers in the post-war years. In the 21st century, it set records for the largest serially produced sets: in 2010, the company presented a puzzle of 32 256 pieces depicting works of art, and in 2017 an even larger one — Disney Moments with 40 320 pieces. These sets not only became symbols of the brand’s mastery but also entered the Guinness World Records as the largest serially produced Jigsaw Puzzles available to the general public.
- The puzzle with the smallest pieces. In 2022, a unique Jigsaw Puzzle was created in Italy, each piece of which had an area of less than 0.36 cm². The finished image measured only 6.5 × 5.5 centimeters, and the total number of pieces was 99. This record set became an example of how manufacturers experiment not only with sizes but also with the level of difficulty by miniaturizing the pieces.
- The fastest assembly of a 1000-piece puzzle. In 2018, at the British Championships, Sarah Mills set a record by assembling a 1000-piece Jigsaw Puzzle in 1 hour and 52 minutes. Her achievement was officially entered into the Guinness World Records and became a benchmark for participants in subsequent competitions.
- The most expensive puzzle. In 2005, at an auction organized by The Golden Retriever Foundation, the most expensive Jigsaw Puzzle in the world was sold. Its cost amounted to 27,000 dollars. The handcrafted wooden work included 467 pieces and depicted cats, birds, horses, and dogs. This lot became not only a rarity for collectors but also a symbol that Jigsaw Puzzles can be regarded as works of art.
Over the centuries, Jigsaw Puzzles have proven themselves not just as a game but as a cultural phenomenon that unites generations. Their history is a story of ingenuity and the search for new ways of learning and entertainment. From Spilsbury’s first “dissected maps,” which helped royal children study geography, to modern online Jigsaw Puzzles available to everyone, this puzzle has consistently demonstrated its value and adaptability to the times. Jigsaw Puzzles successfully combine intellectual benefits and aesthetic pleasure: in the process of assembly, a person develops visual and logical thinking, attentiveness, and fine motor skills, and the completed picture brings joy no less than the path to it. It is no wonder that today, in the digital age, millions of people still enthusiastically lay out colorful pieces on the table, striving to put them together into a whole.
Now that we have traced the journey of Jigsaw Puzzles through the centuries, it is natural to turn to their practical side — the rules and strategies of assembly. The history of the puzzle helps to better understand its value, but the real pleasure comes the moment you begin to assemble your own set.
Assembling Jigsaw Puzzles, including online, is not only entertaining but also useful: it trains attention, develops thinking, and provides rest from everyday hustle and bustle. Knowing the basic rules, you will easily cope with the puzzle and be able to spend your time meaningfully.






